(6) Criticism of modern naturalistic interpretations of Pythagorean first principles peras and apeiron (Burkert, Huffman and others). (5) The evidence of the Orphic-Pythagorean graffiti from Olbia on the early Pythagorean substance dualism of body and soul proves its Preplatonic origin. ![]() (4) A provisional taxonomy of different types of idealism (mentalism) in ancient Greek philosophy is proposed. ![]() We point to scholastic and ancient (Platonic) roots of Descartes’ substance dualism of body and mind, as well as to the even more ancient Pythagorean roots of Plato’s doctrine of immortal soul. (3) The thesis of Myles Burnyeat and Bernard Williams (no idealism in Greek philosophy) is criticized. Creation by divine mind is a form of objective idealism (mentalism). (2) Demiourgos and creationism in Pre-Platonic philosophy. (1) Preliminary criticism of the presuppositions of the denial of existence of idealism in early Greek thought: pseudohistorical evolutionism, Platonocentrism that ignores the archaic features of Plato’s metaphysics and psychology, and the modern stereotype of «Presocratics» as physicalists, a product of the late 19th century (excessive) positivist reaction against Hegelianism and German idealism in the English-speaking historiography of Greek philosophy.
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